Linux 硬件信息查询命令备忘录

系统#

1
uname -a
2
# Linux dragonos-gtx1065 5.15.0-177-generic #187-Ubuntu SMP Sat Apr 11 22:54:33 UTC 2026 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
3

4
hostnamectl
5
#  Static hostname: mycomputer-gtx1065
6
#        Icon name: computer-desktop
7
#          Chassis: desktop
8
#       Machine ID: 8ea88b201cd0486dad6c2be6f1e91bad
9
#          Boot ID: e3194afb773e4969b46d279436128c21
10
# Operating System: Ubuntu 22.04.5 LTS
11
#           Kernel: Linux 5.15.0-177-generic
12
#     Architecture: x86-64
13
#  Hardware Vendor: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.
14
#   Hardware Model: MS-7C96

baseboard#

1
sudo dmidecode -t baseboard
2
# Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
3
# Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
4
# Base Board Information
5
#         Manufacturer: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.
6
#         Product Name: A520M-A PRO (MS-7C96)
7
#         Version: 1.0
8
#         Serial Number: 07C9611_O11B469063
9
#         Asset Tag: To be filled by O.E.M.
10
#         Features:
11
#                 Board is a hosting board
12
#                 Board is replaceable
13
#         Location In Chassis: To be filled by O.E.M.
14
#         Chassis Handle: 0x0003
15
#         Type: Motherboard
16
#         Contained Object Handles: 0
17
# Handle 0x0037, DMI type 41, 11 bytes
18
# Onboard Device
19
#         Reference Designation: Realtek ALC1220 # 板载声卡
20
#         Type: Sound
21
#         Status: Enabled
22
#         Type Instance: 1
23
#         Bus Address: 0000:25:00.4
24
sudo lshw -C system
25
# mycomputer-gtx1065
26
#     description: Desktop Computer
27
#     product: MS-7C96 (To be filled by O.E.M.)
28
#     vendor: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd.
29
#     version: 1.0
30
#     serial: To be filled by O.E.M.
31
#     width: 64 bits
32
#     capabilities: smbios-2.8 dmi-2.8 smp vsyscall32
33
cat /sys/class/dmi/id/board_name
34
# A520M-A PRO (MS-7C96)

内存#

1
free -h
2

3
sudo dmidecode -t memory
4
# Handle 0x0010, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
5
# Physical Memory Array
6
#         Location: System Board Or Motherboard
7
#         Use: System Memory
8
#         Error Correction Type: None
9
#         Maximum Capacity: 128 GB
10
#         Error Information Handle: 0x000F
11
#         Number Of Devices: 2
12
# Handle 0x0018, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
13
# Memory Device
14
#         Array Handle: 0x0010
15
#         Error Information Handle: 0x0017
16
#         Total Width: 64 bits
17
#         Data Width: 64 bits
18
#         Size: 8 GB
19
#         Form Factor: DIMM
20
#         Set: None
21
#         Locator: DIMM 0
22
#         Bank Locator: P0 CHANNEL A
23
#         Type: DDR4
24
#         Type Detail: Synchronous Unbuffered (Unregistered)
25
#         Speed: 2400 MT/s
26
#         Manufacturer: Unknown
27
#         Serial Number: D4083222
28
#         Asset Tag: Not Specified
29
#         Part Number: VGM4UX32C188G-STACRN
30
#         Rank: 1
31
#         Configured Memory Speed: 2400 MT/s
32
#         Minimum Voltage: 1.2 V
33
#         Maximum Voltage: 1.2 V
34
#         Configured Voltage: 1.2 V
35
# Handle 0x001B, DMI type 17, 40 bytes # 2 * 8GB 内存条

磁盘#

1
lsblk -f # blkid
2
# nvme0n1
3
# ├─nvme0n1p1       vfat        FAT32          5F39-2858                                   1G     1% /boot/efi
4
# ├─nvme0n1p2       ext4        1.0            bdaf3ad9-d681-44c9-a4e7-5f8817bee337      1.4G    22% /boot
5
# └─nvme0n1p3       LVM2_member LVM2 001       NPotXR-UNEj-cEja-1KA3-h6bS-iqPZ-gPfaoC
6
#   └─ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv
7
#                   ext4        1.0            3a5f860c-a18f-4ec4-ade3-289146ee9412     25.9G    73% /
8

9
df -hT
10
# /dev/mapper/ubuntu--vg-ubuntu--lv ext4   115G   83G   26G  77% /
11
# /dev/nvme0n1p2                    ext4   2.0G  432M  1.4G  24% /boot
12
# /dev/nvme0n1p1                    vfat   1.1G  6.1M  1.1G   1% /boot/efi
13
sudo vgdisplay ubuntu-vg # pvdisplay / vgdisplay / lvdisplay
14
#   VG Size               <116.19 GiB
15
#   PE Size               4.00 MiB
16
#   Total PE              29744
17
#   Alloc PE / Size       29744 / <116.19 GiB
18
#   Free  PE / Size       0 / 0
19

20
du -h . | sort -hr | head -n 30

CPU#

1
lscpu -p # 查看 CPU 物理拓扑
2
# CPU,Core,Socket,Node,,L1d,L1i,L2,L3
3

4
lscpu
5
# Architecture:                x86_64
6
#   CPU op-mode(s):            32-bit, 64-bit
7
#   Address sizes:             43 bits physical, 48 bits virtual
8
#   Byte Order:                Little Endian
9
# CPU(s):                      6
10
#   On-line CPU(s) list:       0-5
11
# Vendor ID:                   AuthenticAMD
12
#   Model name:                AMD Ryzen 5 3500X 6-Core Processor
13
#     CPU family:              23
14
#     Model:                   113 # 对应 AMD Zen 2 微架构（Matisse）
15
#     Thread(s) per core:      1
16
#     Core(s) per socket:      6
17
#     Socket(s):               1
18
#     Stepping:                0
19
#     Frequency boost:         enabled
20
#     CPU max MHz:             3600.0000 # 基础频率MAX
21
#     CPU min MHz:             2200.0000
22
# Virtualization features:
23
#   Virtualization:            AMD-V
24
# Caches (sum of all):
25
#   L1d:                       192 KiB (6 instances)
26
#   L1i:                       192 KiB (6 instances)
27
#   L2:                        3 MiB (6 instances)
28
#   L3:                        32 MiB (2 instances)
29
# NUMA:
30
#   NUMA node(s):              1
31
#   NUMA node0 CPU(s):         0-5
32

33
sudo dmidecode -t processor
34

35
cat /proc/cpuinfo
36
# cpu family   : 23
37
# model        : 113
38
# model name      : AMD Ryzen 5 3500X 6-Core Processor
39
# microcode    : 0x8701030
40
# physical id     : 0
41
# siblings        : 6
42
# cpu cores       : 6

GPU#

1
## 通用方式：
2
lspci -v | grep -A 20 -E "VGA|3D"
3
# 23:00.0 VGA compatible controller: NVIDIA Corporation GP106 [GeForce GTX 1060 5GB] (rev a1) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller])
4
#         Subsystem: Device 7377:0000
5
#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 67, IOMMU group 16
6
#         Memory at fb000000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16M]
7
#         Memory at 7fe0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M]
8
#         Memory at 7ff0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=32M]
9
#         I/O ports at e000 [size=128]
10
#         Expansion ROM at fc000000 [virtual] [disabled] [size=512K]
11
#         Capabilities: <access denied>
12
#         Kernel driver in use: nvidia
13
#         Kernel modules: nvidiafb, nouveau, nvidia_drm, nvidia
14
# 23:00.1 Audio device: NVIDIA Corporation GP106 High Definition Audio Controller (rev a1)
15
#         Subsystem: Device 7377:0000
16
#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 71, IOMMU group 16
17
#         Memory at fc080000 (32-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
18
#         Capabilities: <access denied>
19
#         Kernel driver in use: snd_hda_intel
20
#         Kernel modules: snd_hda_intel
21

22
## NVIDIA
23
watch -n 1 nvidia-smi

USB Bus#

1
lsusb -t
2
/:  Bus 04.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/4p, 10000M
3
/:  Bus 03.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/4p, 480M
4
    |__ Port 3: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
5
    |__ Port 3: Dev 2, If 1, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
6
/:  Bus 02.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/3p, 10000M
7
/:  Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=xhci_hcd/9p, 480M
8
    |__ Port 8: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Vendor Specific Class, Driver=r8188eu, 480M

但其实 Bus 04/03 是同一个 USB 3.x 物理端口在逻辑上的双总线投影。对于我这个主板（MSI MS-7C96 “微星A520M-A PRO”） msi官网链接

Bus 04/03 是主机背面的 4个 USB 3.2 type-A 接口（xhci_hcd/4p）
Bus 02/01 是主机前面支持 3个 USB 3.2 type-A 的插针（xhci_hcd/3p）、主机前面支持 4个 USB 2.0 type-A 的插针和主机背面 2个 USB 2.0 type-A 接口（xhci_hcd/9-3p）。

每个物理接口都被 xhci_hcd 驱动映射成了两个逻辑总线（USB 3.x 和 USB 2.0），因此在 lsusb -t 输出中会看到两组根集线器(root_hub)和对应的端口(Port)。

xhci_hcd驱动 会同时创建 SuperSpeed(USB 3.x) 和 High-Speed(USB 2.0)通道，映射到不同编号的虚拟总线上。

每个蓝色的 USB 3.x 物理接口，内部实际上是由两组独立的信号线组成的：

USB 2.0 引脚（D+/D-），用来兼容旧设备，最高速率 480 Mbps。
USB 3.x 引脚（SSTX+/SSTX-、SSRX+/SSRX-），用于 5 Gbps 或 10 Gbps 的高速传输设备。插入设备时，根据设备类型和其能力，只会激活其中一组引脚：
插入USB 2.0 设备（鼠标、U盘、RTL8188EU 便宜网卡等）→ 仅连接 USB 2.0 总线。
插入USB 3.x 设备（高速移动硬盘等）→ 仅连接 USB 3.x 总线，此时 USB 2.0 总线对应的端口会在电气上断开。

这意味着，同一个物理端口的两组信号线不可能同时工作，但在逻辑上它们必须被OS(操作系统)作为两个独立的端口来管理。因此，xHCI 控制器会向上报告两个“根集线器”（一个 USB 2.0 根集线器，一个 USB 3.x 根集线器）。每个根集线器拥有自己的端口集合，并被映射到不同编号的总线Bus上。

USB 无线网卡#

1
sudo lsusb -v -d 0bda:8179
2
# Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0bda:8179 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTL8188EUS 802.11n Wireless Network Adapter
3
# Device Descriptor:
4
#   ...
5
#   bcdUSB               2.00
6
#   idVendor           0x0bda Realtek Semiconductor Corp.
7
#   idProduct          0x8179 RTL8188EUS 802.11n Wireless Network Adapter
8
#   ...
9

10
cat /proc/net/wireless
11
# Inter-| sta-|   Quality        |   Discarded packets               | Missed | WE
12
#  face | tus | link level noise |  nwid  crypt   frag  retry   misc | beacon | 22
13
# wlx04ecbb92a1a1: 0000   63.  -51.  -256.       0      0      0      0      0        0

网卡#

1
lspci -v | grep -A 10 -E "Ethernet"
2
# 22:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 15)
3
#         Subsystem: Micro-Star International Co., Ltd. [MSI] RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller
4
#         Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 35, IOMMU group 15
5
#         I/O ports at f000 [size=256]
6
#         Memory at fc504000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4K]
7
#         Memory at fc500000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=16K]
8
#         Capabilities: <access denied>
9
#         Kernel driver in use: r8169
10
#         Kernel modules: r8169

PCI#

1
lspci

其他#

1
cat /proc/asound/cards
2
#  0 [NVidia         ]: HDA-Intel - HDA NVidia
3
#                       HDA NVidia at 0xfc080000 irq 71
4
#  1 [Generic        ]: HDA-Intel - HD-Audio Generic
5
#                       HD-Audio Generic at 0xfc400000 irq 73
6

7
sensors
8
# nvme-pci-0100
9
# Adapter: PCI adapter
10
# Composite:    +33.9°C  (low  = -273.1°C, high = +74.8°C)
11
#                        (crit = +84.8°C)
12
# k10temp-pci-00c3
13
# Adapter: PCI adapter
14
# Tctl:         +32.1°C
15
# Tccd1:        +32.5°C